A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses differt types of electronic methods and ssors to collect specific data. Information gained from that data is used to manage assets, resources and services efficitly; in return, that data is used to improve operations across the city.
This includes data collected from citizs, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste, criminal investigations,
Smart cities are defined as smart both in the ways in which their governmts harness technology as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In smart cities, the sharing of data in not limited to the city itself but also includes businesses, citizs and other third parties that can befit from various uses of that data. Sharing data from differt systems and sectors creates opportunities for increased understanding and economic befits.
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The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology ('ICT'), and various physical devices connected to the Internet of things ('IoT') network to optimize the efficicy of city operations and services and connect to citizs.
Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happing in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to hance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact betwe citizs and governmt.
A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challges than one with a convtional "transactional" relationship with its citizs.
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Due to the breadth of technologies that have be implemted under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Waer
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizs of the city), and states that community involvemt in the process is necessary for a smart city.
A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemted this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
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The intelligce of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligce (the brains), ssors and tags (the ssory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competce)".
According to David K. Ows, the former executive vice presidt of the Edison Electric Institute, two key elemts that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilit grid."
Smart cities have be conceptualized using the OSI model of 'layer' abstractions. Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City application systems th use data to make better decisions wh controlling differt city infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using ssors. This data could be collected through ssors such as cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sds data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to sd data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.
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The creation, integration, and adoption of smart city capabilities require a unique set of frameworks to realize the focus areas of opportunity and innovation ctral to smart city projects. The frameworks can be divided into 5 main dimsions which include numerous related categories of smart city developmt:
A smart city relies heavily on the deploymt of technology. Differt combinations of technological infrastructure interact to form the array of smart city technologies with varying levels of interaction betwe human and technological systems.
The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.
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Since the 1990s, the smart communities movemt took shape as a strategy to broad the base of users involved in IT. Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with governmt and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequce of differt worsing in daily actions. John M. Eger
Said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed-upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs. It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequt improvemt could be more demanding without the institutional help; indeed institutional involvemt is esstial to the success of smart community initiatives. Again Moser
Explained that "building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth"; smart growth is esstial for the partnership betwe citiz and institutional organizations to react to worsing trds in daily issues like traffic congestion, school overcrowding and air pollution.
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Smart city initiatives require co-ordination and support from the city governmt and other governing bodies for their success. As has be noted by Fleur Johns, the increasing and evolving use of data has significant implications at multiple levels of governance. Data and infrastructure include digital platforms, algorithms, and the embedding of information technology in the physical infrastructure of smart cities. Digital technology has the pottial to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inhertly political.
Care needs to be tak to sure that the developmt of smart cities does not perpetuate inequalities and exclude marginalized groups in relation to gder,
The importance of these three differt dimsions is that only a link among them can make possible the developmt of a real smart city concept. According to the definition of smart city giv by Andrea Caragliu et al., a city is smart wh investmts in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and hance quality of life, through participatory governance.
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Smart cities use data and technology to create efficicies, improve sustainability, create economic developmt, and hance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city. A variety of differt datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart ergy infrastructure.
More formally, a smart city is: "An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information ... and Internet of Things (IoT) sectors to better manage a city’s assets."
Employmt of smart technologies ables the more efficit application of integrated ergy technologies in the city allowing the developmt of more self-sustaining areas or ev Positive ergy Districts that produce more ergy than consume.
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A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, smart buildings, distributed ergy resources (DER), data analytics, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, ergy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.
Smart cities employ a combination of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies in conjunction with networking and computing technologies and data security and privacy measures couraging the application of innovation to promote the overall quality of life for its citizs and covering dimsions that include: utilities, health, transportation, tertainmt and governmt services.
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizs and communities, know the processes, business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizs' needs. Th, technology can be implemted to meet the citizs' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.
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Whether to improve security, resilicy, sustainability, traffic congestion, public safety, or city services, each community may have differt reasons for wanting to be smart. But all smart communities share common attributes—and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry's smarter ergy infrastructure. A smart grid is the foundational piece in building a smart community.— Pat Vinct-Collawn, chairman of the Edison Electric Institute and presidt and CEO of PNM Resources.[73] History [ edit]
The idea and existce of smart cities is relatively new. Following in the path of "Wired Cities" and "Intelligt Cities", the concept of the smart city is focused on a city’s use of ICT in urban problem-solving. The use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960's
And the establishmt by Singapore of the National Computer Board in 1981 are cited as among the earliest cybernetic intervtions into urban planning.
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